warriors of the steppe in movies, music and art

[Deleted]

 

Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár, Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2017.

Description:
The book’s aim is to make a comprehensive introduction of the Sarmatians, the crucial people in the world of Iranian language speaking nomads.
The first part of the volume deals with the history and archaeology of these tribes starting from their emergence to the Hunnic invasion after which Iranian domination of the steppe belt was replaced by the power of Turkic nomads. Based on literary sources and archaeological material, the second part synthetises the history of the Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin from the 1st to 5th century AD. A special emphasis is put on the steppe relations of the Alföld Sarmatians, innovations brought by new migration waves and, their impact on the autochthonous population. The third part is an outlook to the afterlife of the Sarmatians the traces of which stretch out from Britain to China.

Let's have a butcher's hook at the contents:

CONTENTS

Falko Daim
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Inner Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temperate Steppe Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Crimean Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sarmatians on the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Origins and Language of the Sarmatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cimmerian-Scythian Prelude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Scythian-Sarmatian Relations: The Sarmatian Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sauromatian or Sarmatian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A Few Words on Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Earliest Sauromatian / Sarmatian Finds (6th to Mid-3rd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The So-Called Sauromatian / Sarmatian Animal Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Were the Sauromatians Actually Sarmatians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Beginning of the Sarmatian Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Early Sarmatian Find Assemblages (4th? to Mid-2nd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
On the Boundary of the Old and New Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Written Sources on the Appearance of the Sarmatians in Europe
in the First Half of the 4th Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
In the Shadow of the Bosporan Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Siracian Migration: Maeotians and Greeks in the Kuban Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Sarmatian Conquest West of the Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
An Overview of the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Sarmatians of the Pontic in the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
In the Sweep of Pontic Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Finds from the First Half of the Sarmatian Age (Mid-2nd Century - Mid-1st Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Sarmatian Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Mithridates Dynasty. Some Words on the Pontic-Bosporan Kingdom
and the Scythians of the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Archaeology of the Roxolani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Politics of the European Steppe in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC to the 1st Century AD . . . 101
The Lower Danube in Burebista’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

The Sarmatian expansion in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD:
Dacian-Getan-Sarmatian Relations in the Lower Danube Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
»The Mighty Kings of Aorsia«: The Sarmatian Tribes in Pliny’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The First Appearance of the Alans in the Written Sources: The Trans-Caucasian Campaigns . . . . 109

The Sarmatians as Actors on the Political Scene Between the Second Half
of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Finds From the Second Half of the Middle Sarmatian Age
(Mid-1st Century to Mid-2nd Century AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Alans: The Migration of a New Eastern Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Origins of the Alans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Origins of the Alans in the Light of the Archaeological Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Lords of the Steppe: The Alans in the 2nd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Late Sarmatian Age on the Steppe (2nd-4th Centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Archaeology of the Late Sarmatian Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Population Movements on the Steppe in the 3rd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Gothic Migration: The Marosszentanna / Sântana de Mureş-Černjahov Culture . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The First Sarmatians on the Hungarian Plain: Routes, Territories, Chronology
and the Earliest Find Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Written Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Contradiction Between the Written Sources and the Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Neighbouring Barbarian Peoples: Dacians, Celts and Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The Period of the Dacian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
History of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin until the Creation of the Province of Dacia . . . 216
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
A New Wave of Immigrants? The Problem of the Tamgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

The Inhabitants of the Hungarian Plain Before the Sarmatians’ Arrival:
Contact Between the Sarmatians and their Neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
From the Dacian Wars to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Prelude to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
The Great Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
From the Marcomannic Wars to the Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
After the Marcomannic Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
From the Tetrarchy to the Hun Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
The Tetrarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
The Age of the Constantine Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Sarmatian Civil War and Subsequent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
New Forms of Interaction Between Romans and Barbarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
The So-Called Alföld Ramparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
The Dawn of a New Age: The Hunnic Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The Sarmatians of the Hungarian Plain During Valentinian’s Reign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Wars in the Last Third of the 4th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
The Rule of the Huns on the Hungarian Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sarmatians After the Sarmatian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans on the Eurasian Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Northern Pontic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Alans in the Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Alans in Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Sarmatians in Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Sarmatians in the Arthurian Legends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The Sarmatian / Alanic Influence on European Culture: Polish Sarmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Iranian Elements in the Hungarian Conquest Period: The Role of Sarmatian Studies
in Conquest Period Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Sarmatian Survivals: The Jas in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480


Link:
www.amazon.com/Sarmatians-Archaeology-Mongraphien-Romisch-Germanischen-Zentralmuseums/dp/3795432340

[kemp]

Apr 13, 2018 11:25:12 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

 

Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár, Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2017.

Description:
The book’s aim is to make a comprehensive introduction of the Sarmatians, the crucial people in the world of Iranian language speaking nomads.
The first part of the volume deals with the history and archaeology of these tribes starting from their emergence to the Hunnic invasion after which Iranian domination of the steppe belt was replaced by the power of Turkic nomads. Based on literary sources and archaeological material, the second part synthetises the history of the Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin from the 1st to 5th century AD. A special emphasis is put on the steppe relations of the Alföld Sarmatians, innovations brought by new migration waves and, their impact on the autochthonous population. The third part is an outlook to the afterlife of the Sarmatians the traces of which stretch out from Britain to China.

Let's have a butcher's hook at the contents:

CONTENTS

Falko Daim
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Inner Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temperate Steppe Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Crimean Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sarmatians on the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Origins and Language of the Sarmatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cimmerian-Scythian Prelude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Scythian-Sarmatian Relations: The Sarmatian Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sauromatian or Sarmatian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A Few Words on Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Earliest Sauromatian / Sarmatian Finds (6th to Mid-3rd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The So-Called Sauromatian / Sarmatian Animal Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Were the Sauromatians Actually Sarmatians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Beginning of the Sarmatian Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Early Sarmatian Find Assemblages (4th? to Mid-2nd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
On the Boundary of the Old and New Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Written Sources on the Appearance of the Sarmatians in Europe
in the First Half of the 4th Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
In the Shadow of the Bosporan Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Siracian Migration: Maeotians and Greeks in the Kuban Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Sarmatian Conquest West of the Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
An Overview of the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Sarmatians of the Pontic in the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
In the Sweep of Pontic Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Finds from the First Half of the Sarmatian Age (Mid-2nd Century - Mid-1st Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Sarmatian Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Mithridates Dynasty. Some Words on the Pontic-Bosporan Kingdom
and the Scythians of the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Archaeology of the Roxolani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Politics of the European Steppe in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC to the 1st Century AD . . . 101
The Lower Danube in Burebista’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

The Sarmatian expansion in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD:
Dacian-Getan-Sarmatian Relations in the Lower Danube Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
»The Mighty Kings of Aorsia«: The Sarmatian Tribes in Pliny’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The First Appearance of the Alans in the Written Sources: The Trans-Caucasian Campaigns . . . . 109

The Sarmatians as Actors on the Political Scene Between the Second Half
of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Finds From the Second Half of the Middle Sarmatian Age
(Mid-1st Century to Mid-2nd Century AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Alans: The Migration of a New Eastern Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Origins of the Alans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Origins of the Alans in the Light of the Archaeological Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Lords of the Steppe: The Alans in the 2nd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Late Sarmatian Age on the Steppe (2nd-4th Centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Archaeology of the Late Sarmatian Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Population Movements on the Steppe in the 3rd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Gothic Migration: The Marosszentanna / Sântana de Mureş-Černjahov Culture . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The First Sarmatians on the Hungarian Plain: Routes, Territories, Chronology
and the Earliest Find Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Written Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Contradiction Between the Written Sources and the Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Neighbouring Barbarian Peoples: Dacians, Celts and Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The Period of the Dacian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
History of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin until the Creation of the Province of Dacia . . . 216
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
A New Wave of Immigrants? The Problem of the Tamgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

The Inhabitants of the Hungarian Plain Before the Sarmatians’ Arrival:
Contact Between the Sarmatians and their Neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
From the Dacian Wars to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Prelude to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
The Great Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
From the Marcomannic Wars to the Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
After the Marcomannic Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
From the Tetrarchy to the Hun Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
The Tetrarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
The Age of the Constantine Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Sarmatian Civil War and Subsequent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
New Forms of Interaction Between Romans and Barbarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
The So-Called Alföld Ramparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
The Dawn of a New Age: The Hunnic Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The Sarmatians of the Hungarian Plain During Valentinian’s Reign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Wars in the Last Third of the 4th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
The Rule of the Huns on the Hungarian Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sarmatians After the Sarmatian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans on the Eurasian Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Northern Pontic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Alans in the Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Alans in Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Sarmatians in Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Sarmatians in the Arthurian Legends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The Sarmatian / Alanic Influence on European Culture: Polish Sarmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Iranian Elements in the Hungarian Conquest Period: The Role of Sarmatian Studies
in Conquest Period Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Sarmatian Survivals: The Jas in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480


Link:
www.amazon.com/Sarmatians-Archaeology-Mongraphien-Romisch-Germanischen-Zentralmuseums/dp/3795432340

Very comprehensive study. Thanks. 

When it comes to Eurasian Iranian tribes, the Scythian name may be more familiar to most people, but it was the Sarmatian successors who ultimately had a more profound effect on western civilisation. 

The lancered Knight owes much to mounted warriors that originated in the north Caucus and eventually migrated as far west as Gaul ( France ) to become part of the Merovingian dynasty 



Alains and Alaincourt probably derive from Alan name. 
 

[deuce]

Apr 13, 2018 11:25:12 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

 

Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár, Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2017.

Description:
The book’s aim is to make a comprehensive introduction of the Sarmatians, the crucial people in the world of Iranian language speaking nomads.
The first part of the volume deals with the history and archaeology of these tribes starting from their emergence to the Hunnic invasion after which Iranian domination of the steppe belt was replaced by the power of Turkic nomads. Based on literary sources and archaeological material, the second part synthetises the history of the Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin from the 1st to 5th century AD. A special emphasis is put on the steppe relations of the Alföld Sarmatians, innovations brought by new migration waves and, their impact on the autochthonous population. The third part is an outlook to the afterlife of the Sarmatians the traces of which stretch out from Britain to China.

Let's have a butcher's hook at the contents:

CONTENTS

Falko Daim
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Inner Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temperate Steppe Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Crimean Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sarmatians on the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Origins and Language of the Sarmatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cimmerian-Scythian Prelude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Scythian-Sarmatian Relations: The Sarmatian Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sauromatian or Sarmatian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A Few Words on Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Earliest Sauromatian / Sarmatian Finds (6th to Mid-3rd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The So-Called Sauromatian / Sarmatian Animal Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Were the Sauromatians Actually Sarmatians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Beginning of the Sarmatian Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Early Sarmatian Find Assemblages (4th? to Mid-2nd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
On the Boundary of the Old and New Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Written Sources on the Appearance of the Sarmatians in Europe
in the First Half of the 4th Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
In the Shadow of the Bosporan Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Siracian Migration: Maeotians and Greeks in the Kuban Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Sarmatian Conquest West of the Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
An Overview of the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Sarmatians of the Pontic in the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
In the Sweep of Pontic Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Finds from the First Half of the Sarmatian Age (Mid-2nd Century - Mid-1st Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Sarmatian Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Mithridates Dynasty. Some Words on the Pontic-Bosporan Kingdom
and the Scythians of the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Archaeology of the Roxolani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Politics of the European Steppe in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC to the 1st Century AD . . . 101
The Lower Danube in Burebista’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

The Sarmatian expansion in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD:
Dacian-Getan-Sarmatian Relations in the Lower Danube Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
»The Mighty Kings of Aorsia«: The Sarmatian Tribes in Pliny’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The First Appearance of the Alans in the Written Sources: The Trans-Caucasian Campaigns . . . . 109

The Sarmatians as Actors on the Political Scene Between the Second Half
of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Finds From the Second Half of the Middle Sarmatian Age
(Mid-1st Century to Mid-2nd Century AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Alans: The Migration of a New Eastern Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Origins of the Alans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Origins of the Alans in the Light of the Archaeological Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Lords of the Steppe: The Alans in the 2nd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Late Sarmatian Age on the Steppe (2nd-4th Centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Archaeology of the Late Sarmatian Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Population Movements on the Steppe in the 3rd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Gothic Migration: The Marosszentanna / Sântana de Mureş-Černjahov Culture . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The First Sarmatians on the Hungarian Plain: Routes, Territories, Chronology
and the Earliest Find Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Written Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Contradiction Between the Written Sources and the Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Neighbouring Barbarian Peoples: Dacians, Celts and Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The Period of the Dacian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
History of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin until the Creation of the Province of Dacia . . . 216
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
A New Wave of Immigrants? The Problem of the Tamgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

The Inhabitants of the Hungarian Plain Before the Sarmatians’ Arrival:
Contact Between the Sarmatians and their Neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
From the Dacian Wars to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Prelude to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
The Great Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
From the Marcomannic Wars to the Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
After the Marcomannic Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
From the Tetrarchy to the Hun Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
The Tetrarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
The Age of the Constantine Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Sarmatian Civil War and Subsequent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
New Forms of Interaction Between Romans and Barbarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
The So-Called Alföld Ramparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
The Dawn of a New Age: The Hunnic Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The Sarmatians of the Hungarian Plain During Valentinian’s Reign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Wars in the Last Third of the 4th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
The Rule of the Huns on the Hungarian Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sarmatians After the Sarmatian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans on the Eurasian Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Northern Pontic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Alans in the Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Alans in Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Sarmatians in Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Sarmatians in the Arthurian Legends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The Sarmatian / Alanic Influence on European Culture: Polish Sarmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Iranian Elements in the Hungarian Conquest Period: The Role of Sarmatian Studies
in Conquest Period Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Sarmatian Survivals: The Jas in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480


Link:
www.amazon.com/Sarmatians-Archaeology-Mongraphien-Romisch-Germanischen-Zentralmuseums/dp/3795432340

Looks like a very interesting book. They seem to have all their ducks in a row...except they don't appear to have anything on the Alans in North Africa. Right up until the end, the Vandal kings styled themselves as kings "of the Vandals and the Alans". We know that Alans were in Spain and accompanied the Vandals into North Africa.


Crom, imagine that trek. Starting out in the Caucasus and ending up in Libya by going the long way around. They almost circled the entire Roman empire before settling down. 

[Deleted]

Apr 3, 2018 9:18:19 GMT -5 kemp said:

Apr 2, 2018 17:11:42 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

The second episode was screened last week and seems, for now, to be well received by the Turkish public. If interest continues I'm pretty certain some episodes will turn up on youtube with subs. You're right, Mehmet was a great conqueror, but, I do not know if the series will survive long enough to show the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 - there's an awful lot of competition, with several historical dramas set in the Ottoman era these days with Ertuğrul: Resurrection leading the pack. 

Here's a teaser trailer for episode 111 of Ertuğrul (I forgot to mention that Ertuğrul was the father of Osman, founder of the Ottoman Empire.



Wikipedia link:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertuğrul

With Ertuğrul facing off against Byzantines, Crusaders and Mongols you know its going to be good viewing. Seems that there is lately a lot of good historical drama coming out of the Turkish TRT television. I will be looking into these shows. Thanks. 

Mehmet the Conqueror series has been cancelled! They'll be screening the sixth and last episode next tuesday. 

[kemp]

Apr 18, 2018 15:47:43 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

Apr 3, 2018 9:18:19 GMT -5 kemp said:

With Ertuğrul facing off against Byzantines, Crusaders and Mongols you know its going to be good viewing. Seems that there is lately a lot of good historical drama coming out of the Turkish TRT television. I will be looking into these shows. Thanks. 

Mehmet the Conqueror series has been cancelled! They'll be screening the sixth and last episode next tuesday. 

Only six episodes.
Why was cancelled ? Looked like it could have ran for awhile.

[kemp]

Feb 15, 2016 15:29:54 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

Described as the Kazakh "Game of Thrones' a new 10 part series to celebrate the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh nation.


www.eurasianet.org/node/76976

 'Dramatises the tumultuous events leading up to the creation of the first Kazakh khanate in 1465 amid the collapse of the Mongolian-ruled Golden Horde empire'

Interesting isn't it, so much of our politics in the 20th century and the way we think about things have revolved around a  European, near east and far east Asian centric zone perspective when it came to the old world, but it seems that the Eurasian states are coming back again.


Not to get political, but they even have a Eurasian Economic Union made up of Eurasian nations such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. 

[Deleted]

Apr 19, 2018 9:09:01 GMT -5 kemp said:

Apr 18, 2018 15:47:43 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

Mehmet the Conqueror series has been cancelled! They'll be screening the sixth and last episode next tuesday. 

Only six episodes.
Why was cancelled ? Looked like it could have ran for awhile.

I kinda suspected it'd be tough for this series. 

There should have been more action and less talking. 

[Deleted]

Apr 14, 2018 10:30:13 GMT -5 deuce said:

Apr 13, 2018 11:25:12 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

 

Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár, Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2017.

Description:
The book’s aim is to make a comprehensive introduction of the Sarmatians, the crucial people in the world of Iranian language speaking nomads.
The first part of the volume deals with the history and archaeology of these tribes starting from their emergence to the Hunnic invasion after which Iranian domination of the steppe belt was replaced by the power of Turkic nomads. Based on literary sources and archaeological material, the second part synthetises the history of the Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin from the 1st to 5th century AD. A special emphasis is put on the steppe relations of the Alföld Sarmatians, innovations brought by new migration waves and, their impact on the autochthonous population. The third part is an outlook to the afterlife of the Sarmatians the traces of which stretch out from Britain to China.

Let's have a butcher's hook at the contents:

CONTENTS

Falko Daim
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Geography of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Inner Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Temperate Steppe Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Crimean Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sarmatians on the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Origins and Language of the Sarmatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cimmerian-Scythian Prelude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Scythian-Sarmatian Relations: The Sarmatian Ethnogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sauromatian or Sarmatian? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A Few Words on Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
The Earliest Sauromatian / Sarmatian Finds (6th to Mid-3rd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The So-Called Sauromatian / Sarmatian Animal Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Were the Sauromatians Actually Sarmatians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Beginning of the Sarmatian Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Early Sarmatian Find Assemblages (4th? to Mid-2nd Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
On the Boundary of the Old and New Worlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Written Sources on the Appearance of the Sarmatians in Europe
in the First Half of the 4th Century BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
In the Shadow of the Bosporan Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Siracian Migration: Maeotians and Greeks in the Kuban Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The Sarmatian Conquest West of the Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
An Overview of the Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Sarmatians of the Pontic in the 2nd and 1st Centuries BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
In the Sweep of Pontic Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Finds from the First Half of the Sarmatian Age (Mid-2nd Century - Mid-1st Century BC) . . . . . . . . . . 84
The Sarmatian Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Mithridates Dynasty. Some Words on the Pontic-Bosporan Kingdom
and the Scythians of the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Archaeology of the Roxolani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Politics of the European Steppe in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC to the 1st Century AD . . . 101
The Lower Danube in Burebista’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

The Sarmatian expansion in the Second Half of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD:
Dacian-Getan-Sarmatian Relations in the Lower Danube Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
»The Mighty Kings of Aorsia«: The Sarmatian Tribes in Pliny’s Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The First Appearance of the Alans in the Written Sources: The Trans-Caucasian Campaigns . . . . 109

The Sarmatians as Actors on the Political Scene Between the Second Half
of the 1st Century BC and the 1st Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Finds From the Second Half of the Middle Sarmatian Age
(Mid-1st Century to Mid-2nd Century AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Alans: The Migration of a New Eastern Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Origins of the Alans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Origins of the Alans in the Light of the Archaeological Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Lords of the Steppe: The Alans in the 2nd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Late Sarmatian Age on the Steppe (2nd-4th Centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Archaeology of the Late Sarmatian Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Population Movements on the Steppe in the 3rd-4th Centuries AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Gothic Migration: The Marosszentanna / Sântana de Mureş-Černjahov Culture . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sarmatians in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The First Sarmatians on the Hungarian Plain: Routes, Territories, Chronology
and the Earliest Find Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Written Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The Archaeological Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
The Contradiction Between the Written Sources and the Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
The Neighbouring Barbarian Peoples: Dacians, Celts and Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The Period of the Dacian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
History of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin until the Creation of the Province of Dacia . . . 216
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
A New Wave of Immigrants? The Problem of the Tamgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

The Inhabitants of the Hungarian Plain Before the Sarmatians’ Arrival:
Contact Between the Sarmatians and their Neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
From the Dacian Wars to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Prelude to the Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
The Great Marcomannic-Sarmatian Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
From the Marcomannic Wars to the Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
After the Marcomannic Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
The Evacuation of Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Archaeological Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
From the Tetrarchy to the Hun Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
The Tetrarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
The Age of the Constantine Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Sarmatian Civil War and Subsequent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
New Forms of Interaction Between Romans and Barbarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
The So-Called Alföld Ramparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
The Dawn of a New Age: The Hunnic Invasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The Sarmatians of the Hungarian Plain During Valentinian’s Reign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Wars in the Last Third of the 4th Century AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
The Rule of the Huns on the Hungarian Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sarmatians After the Sarmatian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans on the Eurasian Steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alans in the Northern Pontic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Alans in the Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Alans in Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Sarmatians in Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Sarmatians in the Arthurian Legends? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The Sarmatian / Alanic Influence on European Culture: Polish Sarmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Iranian Elements in the Hungarian Conquest Period: The Role of Sarmatian Studies
in Conquest Period Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Sarmatian Survivals: The Jas in the Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480


Link:
www.amazon.com/Sarmatians-Archaeology-Mongraphien-Romisch-Germanischen-Zentralmuseums/dp/3795432340

Looks like a very interesting book. They seem to have all their ducks in a row...except they don't appear to have anything on the Alans in North Africa. Right up until the end, the Vandal kings styled themselves as kings "of the Vandals and the Alans". We know that Alans were in Spain and accompanied the Vandals into North Africa.


Crom, imagine that trek. Starting out in the Caucasus and ending up in Libya by going the long way around. They almost circled the entire Roman empire before settling down. 

Thanks Deuce.

I completely missed that looking over the contents.

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There's not much out there on the Avars in the English language - and this is a very welcome translation of Walter Pohl's book on the often neglected Avars.

Really looking forward to this one.




Walter Pohl (Translated by William Sayers), The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822, Cornell University Press, 15 Dec 2018.

The Avars arrived in Europe from the Central Asian steppes in the mid-sixth century CE and dominated much of Central and Eastern Europe for almost 250 years. Fierce warriors and canny power brokers, the Avars were more influential and durable than Attila’s Huns, yet have remained hidden in history. Walter Pohl’s epic narrative, translated into English for the first time, restores them to their rightful place in the story of early medieval Europe.

The Avars offers a comprehensive overview of their history, tracing the Avars from the construction of their steppe empire in the center of Europe; their wars and alliances with the Byzantines, Slavs, Lombards, and others; and their apex as the first so-called barbarian power to besiege Constantinople (in 626); to their fall under the Frankish armies of Charlemagne and subsequent disappearance as a distinct cultural group. Pohl uncovers the secrets of their society, synthesizing the rich archaeological record recovered from more than 60,000 graves of the period, as well as accounts of the Avars by Byzantine and other chroniclers.

In recovering the story of the fascinating encounter between Eurasian nomads who established an empire in the heart of Europe and the post-Roman Christian cultures of Europe, this book provides a new perspective on the origins of medieval Europe itself.

[kemp]

Apr 24, 2018 11:51:18 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

There's not much out there on the Avars in the English language - and this is a very welcome translation of Walter Pohl's book on the often neglected Avars.

Really looking forward to this one.




Walter Pohl (Translated by William Sayers), The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822, Cornell University Press, 15 Dec 2018.

The Avars arrived in Europe from the Central Asian steppes in the mid-sixth century CE and dominated much of Central and Eastern Europe for almost 250 years. Fierce warriors and canny power brokers, the Avars were more influential and durable than Attila’s Huns, yet have remained hidden in history. Walter Pohl’s epic narrative, translated into English for the first time, restores them to their rightful place in the story of early medieval Europe.

The Avars offers a comprehensive overview of their history, tracing the Avars from the construction of their steppe empire in the center of Europe; their wars and alliances with the Byzantines, Slavs, Lombards, and others; and their apex as the first so-called barbarian power to besiege Constantinople (in 626); to their fall under the Frankish armies of Charlemagne and subsequent disappearance as a distinct cultural group. Pohl uncovers the secrets of their society, synthesizing the rich archaeological record recovered from more than 60,000 graves of the period, as well as accounts of the Avars by Byzantine and other chroniclers.

In recovering the story of the fascinating encounter between Eurasian nomads who established an empire in the heart of Europe and the post-Roman Christian cultures of Europe, this book provides a new perspective on the origins of medieval Europe itself.

Thanks for the info, looks like if you needed only one book on the Avars that would be the one type of thing. 

An interesting Turanid people who may have consisted of diverse clans with a variety of languages including Turkic, Mongolian, Caucasian, Iranian and even Tungusic. Most likely made up of mixed peoples in the similar manner of the Huns and Bulgars.

Walter Pohl believed that the Avars were originally subordinate to the western Turkic Khaganate which split off from an earlier Gokturk Khaganate. The Avars eventually fled westwards to escape the control of the more powerful Turkic factions of the steppe. 

After the fall of the Avar Khaganate, the people that made up the Avars eventually became absorbed into the more numerous Magyar and Slavic populations of central and eastern Europe.

[Deleted]

Anne F. Broadbridge, Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire, Cambridge University Press, 31 July 2018.



Description:
How did women contribute to the rise of the Mongol Empire while Mongol men were conquering Eurasia? This book positions women in their rightful place in the otherwise well-known story of Chinggis Khan (commonly known as Genghis Khan) and his conquests and empire. Examining the best known women of Mongol society, such as Chinggis Khan's mother, Hö'elün, and senior wife, Börte, as well as those who were less famous but equally influential, including his daughters and his conquered wives, we see the systematic and essential participation of women in empire, politics and war. Anne F. Broadbridge also proposes a new vision of Chinggis Khan's well-known atomized army by situating his daughters and their husbands at the heart of his army reforms, looks at women's key roles in Mongol politics and succession, and charts the ways the descendants of Chinggis Khan's daughters dominated the Khanates that emerged after the breakup of the Empire in the 1260s.

Link:
www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1108441009?tag=vigukb-5-21

[Deleted]

How a Eurasian Steppe Empire Coped With Decades of Drought.

Centuries before the Mongols took over the Eurasian steppe, the horse nomads of the Uyghur Empire responded to an epic drought through clever trade deals and unlikely alliances.

Words by DIANA CROW / 2 MAY 2018

The bitterly cold, dry air of the Central Asian steppe is a boon to researchers who study the region. The frigid climate “freeze-dries” everything, including centuries-old trees that once grew on lava flows in Mongolia’s Orkhon Valley. A recent study of the tree-ring record, published in March, from some of these archaic logs reveals a drought that lasted nearly seven decades—one of the longest in a 1,700-year span of steppe history—from A.D. 783–850.

Decades of prolonged drought would have killed much of the grass that the Orkhon Valley’s domesticated horses relied upon. Yet the dominant steppe civilization of the era, an empire of Turkic horse nomads called the Uyghurs, somehow survived nearly 60 years of the drought, a period about seven times longer than the Dust Bowl that devastated the central U.S. in the 1930s.

Based on surviving Chinese and Uyghur documents from the drought years, the study’s authors concluded that the Uyghurs survived by diversifying their economy and using international diplomacy to boost trade.



Dendrochronologists—or tree-ring researchers—Amy Hessl and Scott Nichols gather wood samples from centuries-old trees on the north-central Mongolian steppe. (Amy Hessl)


Rather than driving the Uyghurs to plunder neighboring territories—as other steppe empires tended to do—the drought led them to take advantage of their location on the Silk Road and reinvent their economy. The Uyghurs’ relatively peaceful strategies seem to have staved off total collapse for a surprisingly long time. “They were champs,” says physical geographer and study co-author Amy Hessl of West Virginia University.

Prior to this paper, no one knew that the Uyghurs faced an “epic drought,” Hessl says. The recognition that they did may change the way historians interpret the social, political, and economic strategies of the Uyghurs.

Instead of clashing with the Chinese Empire to their south, the Uyghurs forged a durable but uneasy alliance with the Tang dynasty in China, a rare feat for a steppe empire. The Uyghurs traded their surplus horses with the Chinese in exchange for silk. They then traded that silk with merchant allies in the fertile lands to their west.

“The fact that they had access to a precious and unique commodity might have helped them shore up their economy against the downturn of the drought,” explains the study’s lead author, historian Nicola Di Cosmo of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

The Uyghurs’ tenuous alliance with the Tang dynasty wasn’t the only trait that set them apart from other steppe empires. “They were really innovators of how to run a state on the steppe,” says landscape archaeologist Joshua Wright of the University of Aberdeen, who was not involved in the study. “The Uyghurs were the first people who really built big, major cities [on the steppe].”

The Uyghurs constructed at least three permanent fortress cities, including a capital that took up about 20 square kilometers. These cities would have served as Silk Road trading hubs.

Their international focus was also reflected in Uyghur leaders’ conversion to Manichaeism—a faith that saw the human soul’s internal struggle as a microcosm of an ancient cosmic clash between light and dark—as the official state religion, a conversion likely influenced by foreign merchants at the Uyghur court.

The Uyghurs’ reinvention of what it meant to be a steppe empire didn’t end there. Archaeological evidence suggests the Uyghurs may have been experimenting with farming during the drought, an activity seemingly at odds with their otherwise nomadic lifestyle.



The Uyghur Empire may have been better able to navigate the challenges of an extended drought by relying on political, economic, and religious ties. (Lamassu Design Gurdjieff/Wikimedia Commons)


Archaeologist Stefani Crabtree of Pennsylvania State University, who was not part of the study, wasn’t surprised that the Uyghurs used trade and diplomacy to support themselves during the drought. “People in the past were highly connected. They had rich social lives and very large social networks,” which is illustrated in the new study, Crabtree says.

Crabtree points out that societies in the U.S. Southwest also likely used existing trade networks to sustain themselves during long dry spells. And these networks also spanned thousands of miles. For example, medieval pottery with traces of chocolate inside found in Chaco Canyon, in what is now New Mexico, shows that Chaco was part of a trade network that reached to the tropics, where cacao beans grow. These trade networks would have existed during wet periods as well, but it’s likely that trade could have helped offset food shortages. In some ways, the Uyghurs’ response to the drought on the steppe may have been the rule, not the exception.

Despite their resilience to the arid climate, the Uyghur Empire’s later years were plagued by bloody infighting at the royal court and attacks from their northern neighbors, the Kirghiz. An especially brutal winter in A.D. 839–840, combined with a Kirghiz invasion, political instability, and whatever damage the long drought had inflicted, caused the empire to collapse in A.D. 840.

“What we see in the history of the Uyghur … is that drought did not necessarily create a drive for expansion or outward aggression. But it did [eventually] create massive numbers of refugees,” Hessl says. One group of refugees resettled in the Tarim Basin in the modern-day Xinjiang region in China, where some of their descendants still live today—albeit not as nomads.

Though often overshadowed by the Mongols, the Uyghurs were key players on the Silk Road. “We have not as historians been very good at explaining how important these nomadic, pastoral people were in general world history, as the people who facilitated contacts and trade and connections and cultural exchange and all of that between western Asia, even Europe, and China,” says Di Cosmo. “I think these people have been very much underestimated in terms of the role they played in world history.”

www.sapiens.org/archaeology/uyghur-empire-drought/

[kemp]

May 5, 2018 0:44:26 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

Jul 22, 2016 10:42:33 GMT -5 deuce said:

Awesome!  Unfortunately, that clip is blocked in the US.  I'd love to see this and The Mongol in their entirety.

Finally found the full movie at another youtube channel with subs - hopefully this video can be viewed in the US. 

Enjoy  

I have never read up very much on the Uyghurs, so was surprised to find out that they were relatively peaceful strategists who exploited the advantage of their location on the Silk Road for economic gain. 

On the subject of the movie Attila with Anthony Quinn as history's most popular Hun, never knew it existed, but I am familiar with the one with Jack Palance as Attila, interestingly enough also made in 1954.

[Deleted]

May 5, 2018 9:36:14 GMT -5 kemp said:

May 5, 2018 0:44:26 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

Finally found the full movie at another youtube channel with subs - hopefully this video can be viewed in the US. 

Enjoy  

I have never read up very much on the Uyghurs, so was surprised to find out that they were relatively peaceful strategists who exploited the advantage of their location on the Silk Road for economic gain. 

On the subject of the movie Attila with Anthony Quinn as history's most popular Hun, never knew it existed, but I am familiar with the one with Jack Palance as Attila, interestingly enough also made in 1954.

Yeah, the Uygurs got 'Civilized' real quick unfortunately. 

[kemp]

May 8, 2018 1:06:34 GMT -5 @hunnu said:

May 5, 2018 9:36:14 GMT -5 kemp said:

I have never read up very much on the Uyghurs, so was surprised to find out that they were relatively peaceful strategists who exploited the advantage of their location on the Silk Road for economic gain. 

On the subject of the movie Attila with Anthony Quinn as history's most popular Hun, never knew it existed, but I am familiar with the one with Jack Palance as Attila, interestingly enough also made in 1954.

Yeah, the Uygurs got 'Civilized' real quick unfortunately. 

True, maybe great for the people of the time needing a little peace and equilibrium in their lives, but when the tribes settle down too much it starts to bore us nomad history buffs reading about them centuries later. 

Thanks for making us aware of some of the movies and tv shows out there Hun.

Here is a new Russian movie, I included it because it contains Mongols, and of course I have always associated the Russians with the whole warriors of the steppe tradition, although they have a European medieval streak about them.